20 Day Trips From Porto: Hidden Gems & Popular Spots

LOOKING FOR THE BEST PORTO DAY TRIPS?

Porto in Northern Portugal is the gateway to a world of diverse experiences. Day trips from Porto can lead you to the scenic vineyards of the Douro Valley, the historic charm of Braga — the oldest city in Portugal, and the academic brilliance of Coimbra University.

While Lisbon has its beauty, Porto holds an extra special place in my heart — I find myself loving it just a little bit more. Porto serves as an excellent starting point. So, whether you’re into history, nature, wine, or food, there’s something for everyone just a short drive, bus or train ride away.

No time to read up on all the exciting spots in and around Porto? Here are some “can’t-miss” places to visit from Porto:

• 🏆 Best Trip Overall – Douro Valley
• 🍷 Best Trip for Wine Lovers  – Pinhão (Douro Valley)
• 🏄‍♂️ Best Trip for Surfers – Matosinhos 
• 🌿 Best Trip for Nature Lovers – Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês
• 🏰 Best Trip for History Buffs – Guimarães
• 🏠 Best Trip for a Local Experience  – Ponte de Lima
• 🌁 Best Trip for a Unique Experience – Arouca & Paiva Walkways 

20 Best Day Trips From Porto Portugal

Porto is fantastic, but sometimes, you need to escape the hustle and bustle of city life to explore something a little more. If you are looking for day tours from Porto and unique trips around Porto, this list of 20 Porto Portugal day trips is precisely what you are looking for:

1. Douro Valley 

The Douro Valley, stretching over 250,000 hectares east of Porto, is more than just a spot—it’s a vast region filled with towns and villages.

Known as a UNESCO World Heritage site, it’s one of the world’s oldest wine-producing areas. With 110,000 acres of vineyards, it’s a haven for wine lovers.

The Douro River winds through the valley and spans an impressive 897 km. But it’s not just about wine; the valley’s stunning landscapes make it a top choice for hiking and sightseeing.

How to Visit the Douro Valley Independently | For a Douro Valley day trip from Porto, a train route goes into the Douro Valley — leaving from Porto’s São Bento and Campanha stations. The tracks out to the Douro Valley run close to the river for long stretches, so it’s a gorgeous ride out. 

The train stops frequently at villages and towns along the way. If you want to go somewhere slightly larger, get off the train in the small city of Regua and explore the surrounding area. There are plenty of wineries nearby. 

Alternatively, renting a car and driving yourself out gives you more freedom regarding where and when to go.

Take a Tour to the Douro Valley | For a luxury Douro Valley wine tour, this private tour Douro Valley from Porto tour picks you up at your Porto hotel and drives you into the valley. You’ll visit two wineries and sample a variety of wines, plus a lunch of fish, meat, or vegetarian options is included.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

2. Pinhão (Douro Valley)

Pinhão, a town along the Douro River, is often hailed as the ❤️ of Portugal’s wine country. With its riverfront, terraced vineyards, and iconic blue-tiled train station, the town is a picturesque gem in the Douro Valley.

While Pinhão is undeniably famed for its wine estates, it also offers visitors a chance to experience the quiet rhythms of life along the river. Whether it’s a leisurely boat ride on the Douro, a wine-tasting, or a stroll, Pinhão promises an authentic taste of the valley’s charms.

How to Visit Pinhão Independently | Day trips from Porto by train to Pinhão are among the best options. Departing from Porto’s São Bento station, the train ride offers breathtaking views of the Douro Valley and takes approximately two hours. Driving is also an option.

Take a Tour to Pinhão | For those who prefer a more curated experience, consider embarking on a guided tour. This tour Douro Valley Porto option takes you to Pinhão by van, then to two wineries, and on a short river cruise before stopping off for lunch.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

3. Lamego (Douro Valley)

Known predominantly for its awe-inspiring Sanctuary of Our Lady of Remedies, Lamengo is adorned with intricate Baroque staircases leading up to the sanctuary. While the climb might be challenging, the top panoramic views are worth every step.

Beyond the sanctuary, Lamego’s cobbled streets and squares are full of ancient churches, chapels, and a picturesque old town. Lamego also claims to be the birthplace of the first Portuguese sparkling wines, making it another perfect place for wine enthusiasts.

How to Visit Lamego Independently | Lamego is accessible by road from Porto, with the journey taking roughly an hour and a half. While there isn’t a direct train route, the town is well-connected by buses.

🚘 If you prefer driving, the scenic route through the Douro Valley is also quite stunning.

Take a Tour to Lamego | If you’re keen on exploring Lamego without the hassle of planning, consider a private guided tour. One of the best Douro trips from Porto, you’ll explore this beautiful baroque town on this private tour.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

4. Matosinhos

Matosinhos, bordering Porto to the north, is a charming city known for its picturesque beaches like Matosinhos Beach. It’s a hotspot for surfers, from beginners to seasoned pros. While in Matosinhos, take a trip to the lighthouse, climb to its peak, and soak in the panoramic ocean views.

Since fishing is central to the local culture, visiting the fish market is a must. And while you’re there, don’t miss out on dining at a local seafood restaurant to savor the day’s freshest catch.

How to Visit Matosinhos Independently | It’s easy to access Matasinhos independently. The A-line metro from central Porto goes directly to the city. The ride takes about 45 minutes. The distance is only about 9 kilometers, so the drive from central Porto can take under 20 minutes, depending on traffic.

Take a Tour to Matosinhos | A day of surfing is at the heart of this tour, which is explicitly aimed at first-time surfers. Since Matosinhos is so close, you can get there from Porto by bike — this half day trips from Porto tour option will bring you around Porto and past the Matosinho beaches.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

5. Guimarães

Located just 55 km (34 miles) northwest of Porto, Guimarães is often hailed as the birthplace of Portugal. It’s here that Afonso Henriques, the first king of Portugal, was born, and the pivotal 12th-century Battle of São Mamede took place, laying the foundation for an independent Portuguese state.

Today, visitors to Guimarães can step back in time as they stroll through its well-preserved medieval streets, marvel at the grandeur of the Castle of Guimarães, and explore the stately Palace of the Dukes of Braganza.

The city’s bustling squares, like the inviting Praça da Oliveira, are perfect spots to enjoy traditional Portuguese cuisine. Guimarães offers a deep dive into Portugal’s rich heritage and is one of the best day trips Porto options.

How to Visit Guimarães Independently | A train runs directly from Porto Campanha to Guimarães. It leaves about every hour throughout the day. The ride takes just over an hour. Once you’re there, Guimarães is quite a walkable city. It’s just over 50 km (35 mi) if you want to drive.

Take a Tour to Guimarães |  This day tour Porto experience brings you from Porto to Guimarães as well as nearby Braga. On this private tour, you’ll see both the castle and the palace in Guimarães. Alternatively, this half-day tour will take you to all the main sites in Guimarães.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

6. Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês

As the country’s only national park, Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês is the ultimate nature escape.  Located in the northwest of Portugal and extending across the border into Spain, it offers pristine beaches, scenic trails, and thrilling adventures. 

Explore ancient stone villages, relax in natural hot springs, and enjoy breathtaking views. The park is full of wild animals, including herds of wild horses. Peneda-Gerês is a top choice for nature and history lovers alike.

The families who live in the villages throughout the park maintain an incredibly traditional Portuguese way of life — sharing community water supplies and even doing laundry together at a village tank. 

How to Visit Peneda-Gerês National Park Independently | The park really is expansive, so the best way to get to and around it is by car. Entre Ambos-os-Rios at the park’s edge is just over 100 kilometers by road from Porto. The drive should take you about 90 minutes, and then you have ample freedom to explore the park.

Take a Tour to Peneda-Gerês Park | Since the park is quite big, an all-day tour like this one, which brings you through the villages as well as to waterfalls and lagoons, can be a great way to see it all. Alternatively, this is one of the best day trips out of Porto as it brings you to a lake, where you will kayak and paddle board before having lunch.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

7. Braga 

At over 2,000 years old, Braga is Portugal’s oldest city and is the third-largest. While its size is noteworthy, its history is even more intriguing. Braga’s landscape is a canvas of varied architecture, interweaving lush squares, ornate baroque churches, and modern urban design. 

Braga is just a short trip from Porto — once there, visitors can explore the ancient Braga Cathedral and the Biscainhos Museum — once a grand palace. Another spot is the 18th-century sanctuary, Bom Jesus do Monte, a UNESCO Heritage site, which also offers panoramic views from its hilltop location.

One of the must do day trips from Porto, Braga is also phenomenal local gastronomy to indulge in at traditional eateries. 

How to Visit Braga Independently | There’s a very easy direct train connection from Porto – Campanhã to Braga, making this one of the best day trips by train from Porto options. It takes about an hour, and trains leave every 30 minutes.

🚘 Driving is also a straightforward 55 kilometers, or about 35 miles. The drive should take around 45 minutes. 

Take a Tour to Braga |  If you want to combine your visit to Braga with a visit to Guimarães, this is one of the top day trips from Porto that does them both in one day, showing you around the ancient Roman city and the cathedral. Alternatively, this Porto to Braga day trip hits the same highlights, bringing you around in an air-conditioned van for the day.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

8. Arouca & Paiva Walkways 

Arouca is home to 516 Arouca, the world’s longest pedestrian suspension bridge, offering daring visitors a unique perspective of the Paiva River gorge below.

The remainder of the Paiva Walkways, located near Arouca, is a wooden walkway stretching 8 km (5 mi) along the Paiva River. While the walkway is well maintained, there are several stairs to climb up and down, so walking is not the easiest. 

Note that the walkways are ticketed, and a limited number of people are allowed daily.

How to Visit the Arouca Independently | There aren’t any public transport options to get you to Arouca from Porto, so the only way to make this Porto day trip independently is by car. There are parking lots at both ends of the walkway, either Espiunca or Areinho. The drive is about one hour from Porto.

Take a Tour to Arouca | This tour brings you to the town of Arouca as well as to the walkways and the suspension bridge. If you want to get a lot done in one day, this Paiva walkways tour from Porto also checks off the walkways and suspension bridge as well as nearby Aveiro.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

9. Aveiro

Often dubbed the ‘Venice of Portugal,’ Aveiro is a city crisscrossed by waterways. When you visit, taking a leisurely cruise on one of the traditional Moliceiro boats gliding through the canals is almost mandatory.

Regardless of how you arrive, a stop at the train station is a must, where you’ll be greeted by walls adorned with stunning azulejos.

And while exploring the town, treat yourself to the local delicacy: Ovos Moles de Aveiro. These seashell-shaped sweets, made from egg yolks and sugar, are a delightful bite of the city’s culinary heritage.

How to Visit Aveiro Independently | One of the best day trips from Porto by train, getting to Aveiro from Porto is just one train stop away. The trip takes about 45 minutes. Going by car is also an easy trip of about 75 kilometers, or just under 50 miles, that should take about an hour.

Take a Tour to Aveiro | This Aveiro tour from Porto combines Aveiro with a trip to Coimbra. In Aveiro, you’ll go on a one-hour cruise on the canals. Alternatively, this Porto to Aveiro tour also gets you on a gondola and allows you some free time to explore Aveiro on your own.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

10. Costa Nova 

Famous for its brightly colored fisherman’s houses and numerous beautiful beaches, Costa Nova is a quaint coastal village just 11 km (about 6.8 miles) from Aveiro. When you visit, don’t miss the main beach, Praia da Costa Nova.

With its windswept beauty, it’s a favorite spot for both locals and tourists, especially among surfers.

How to Visit Costa Nova Independently | There are no public transport connections to get you from Porto to Costa Nova, so your only option is to drive there. The route takes you through Aveiro — the perfect opportunity to combine the two in a day. The drive is about 85 kilometers (just over 50 miles) and takes about one hour. 

Take a Tour to Costa Nova | This full day one day trip from Porto combines the beautiful village of Costa Nova with a visit to the nearby Aveiro and even includes a moliceiro river cruise. Alternatively, if you want a more personalized experience, this private tour is the perfect option.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

11. Coimbra 

Coimbra, located about 125 km (78 miles) south of Porto, is renowned for its historic university, one of only five in the world designated as a World Heritage Site. While visiting, you shouldn’t miss the university’s grand Joanina Library and the stunning São Miguel Chapel.

The old town is a treasure trove of historical sites, with key attractions like the Monastery of Santa Cruz, the Royal Palace of Alcáçova, and the Conímbriga Roman ruins just a short drive away.

As the sun sets, the city comes alive with the melancholic tunes of Coimbra fado, a unique and more academic style of fado music distinct from its Lisbon counterpart.

How to Visit Coimbra Independently | There is a direct train from Porto to Coimbra, which also passes through Aveiro. It takes about an hour and fifteen minutes. Otherwise, the drive takes about two hours, but you may encounter traffic. 

Take a Tour to Coimbra | The best day trip from Porto to Coimbra, this small group tour combines a trip to Coimbra with the nearby holy site of Fatima. Alternatively, if you want to do the same type of tour but prefer to have it be private — this one is a great option.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

12. Viana do Castelo 

Viana do Castelo, about 76 km (47 miles) north of Porto, is a gem on the northern Portuguese coastline. This charming seaside city melds its maritime past with architectural brilliance.

On a visit, head to the dome of the Sanctuary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, which sits high above the city. Another church worth seeing is the stone Santa Casa Da Misericórdia. 

What truly sets Viana apart is its vibrant cultural scene, from the annual Festa de Nossa Senhora da Agonia, a celebration of folklore and tradition, to its renowned filigree jewelry, a delicate art form passed down through generations.

How to Visit Viana do Castelo Independently | There is a direct train to Viana do Castelo, which takes around an hour. Driving the distance should take around the same amount of time.

Take a Tour to Viana do Castelo | Since heading north puts you close to Spain, you can take a tour like this one that brings you to Viana do Castelo and Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Alternatively, combine Viana do Castelo with Ponte de Lima and some wine tasting on a green wine tour on this half day wine tour Porto.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

13. Barcelos

It was in Barcelos that the legend of the now iconic Portuguese rooster was born. The story goes that the rooster of Barcelos was a dead rooster who nonetheless helped to prove the innocence of a man who had been falsely convicted and sentenced to death.

In the Minho region, Barcelos is a historic town known for its 🐓 iconic rooster, which has inspired many colorful ceramic versions. Beyond this symbol, the city is a rich tapestry of medieval architecture, bustling weekly markets, and vibrant folk festivals.

As you stroll along the Cávado River, you’ll encounter the majestic Barcelos Castle ruins and the Gothic-style Mother Church. The town’s rich craft heritage is evident in its artisan markets, where traditional pottery and embroidery shine.

How to Visit Barcelos Independently | From Porto, you can take a train north to Barcelos. The trip takes about one hour. It’s about a 60-kilometer distance, so the drive is a similar amount of time without traffic. 

Take a Tour to Barcelos | To make the most of your day trip, this tour combines Barcelos with Braga and Guimarães on an all-day excursion.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

14. Santiago de Compostela

Spain is a stone’s throw from Porto, so visiting Santiago de Compostela on a day trip is very doable. This city is where those making their pilgrimage along the Camino de Santiago finish their long journeys — on the steps of the city’s cathedral. The city is grand and bustling and is one of the best Porto Portugal day trips.

How to Visit Santiago de Compostela  Independently | While there is a bus that goes directly from Porto to Santiago de Compostela, the earliest departure doesn’t get you there until 1:30 PM, making it an almost impossible day trip. The two-and-a-half-hour drive there is a much better option. Just ensure you have permission on your rental car to cross into Spain.

Take a Tour to Santiago de Compostela | One of the best day trips from Porto to Spain is this day trip from Porto, which combines Santiago de Compostela and Valença do Minho.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

15. Amarante  

The town of Amarante is a gorgeous little spot on a river that shoots off of the Douro. With a fantastic mix of architectural styles dotted through the city, the best thing is simply going for a wander. Don’t miss Ponte de São Gonçalo, the arched bridge which has been standing since the 18th century. 

How to Visit Amarante Independently | Several bus lines get you from Porto to Amarante in a bit over an hour. The drive is about 60 kilometers and should take around an hour. It’s a gorgeous trip by bus or car. 

Take a Tour to Amarante | This guided tour shows you the highlights of Amarante, including its famous architecture. You’ll also have a chance to sample the region’s famous green wine. One of the best day trips near Porto, this is a half-day experience and starts after lunch. 

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

16. Fatima

It is believed by the faithful that the Virgin Mary appeared to a group of children here in Fatima in 1917. It has since become a pilgrimage site. There are several stunning churches in Fatima, all worth seeing. There is also a very popular chapel at the site where the famed apparition took place. 

How to Visit Fatima Independently | Unfortunately, there are no public transportation options from Porto to Fatima, so you must drive there. It’s about 200 km (200 mi), and the drive usually takes two hours. 

Take a Tour to Fatima | This Porto to Fatima tour combines Fatima with nearby Coimbra on a one day trip. You’ll visit Our Lady of the Rosary in Fatima and have a chance to attend mass before carrying on to Coimbra. And this Fatima tour from Porto is similar, but it is private for you and your group.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

17. Eposende

Esposende effortlessly combines the allure of the Atlantic coastline with rich historical narratives. This coastal town, located 51 km (31.6 mi) north of Portugal, is known for its pristine beaches, perfect for sunbathing or diving into water sports like surfing and paddle boarding.

Beyond the sandy shores, the Castro de São Lourenço is a testament to the region’s ancient past. This historical archaeological site offers a deep dive into Portugal’s Celtic roots and panoramic views.

After a day of exploration, the town’s seafront promenades are dotted with local eateries, where you can savor fresh seafood while watching the sun dip below the horizon.

How to Visit Esposende Independently | Situated just north of Porto, Esposende is easily accessible by road. A drive from Porto takes approximately 30-40 minutes, making it an ideal choice for a day trips Porto option. While public transport options are limited, the journey by car offers scenic views of the coastline and the lush landscapes of northern Portugal.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

18. Ponte de Lima

Often celebrated as the oldest village in Portugal, Ponte de Lima is a timeless gem in the heart of northern Portugal.

Adorned with a legendary Roman bridge spanning the Lima River, visitors are greeted with architectural wonders, green gardens, and lively market squares. As one of the standout Porto Portugal day trips, Ponte de Lima offers a unique blend of history, culture, and natural beauty.

How to Visit Ponte de Lima Independently | By road, the village is a little over an hour’s drive from Porto, offering scenic vistas of northern Portugal’s lush landscapes. For those who prefer public transport, regular buses connect the two locations.

Take a Tour to Ponte De Lima | Explore all three major cities in Northern Portugal on this Private Tour: Viana do Castelo, Ponte de Lima, and Braga from Porto, one of the best day tours Porto has to offer. Alternatively, you can take this Ponte de Lima Guided Buggy Tour, where you’ll explore the landscapes of Ponte de Lima and Viana do Castelo from Serra da Nó.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

19. Viseu

Viseu is the main city in the Centro region of Portugal and deep in the Dão wine region. But it’s not just about the wine. The city’s culinary landscape is a delightful exploration of age-old recipes and innovative fusions.

On your visit, you should visit the Viseu Cathedral and wander around the central parts of the old town. 

How to Visit Viseu Independently | While there are no direct connections from Porto to Viseu, you can get there by public transportation with a change in Aveiro. This will take about two to two and a half hours, while driving the 130 or so kilometers should be just around an hour and a quarter. 

Take a Tour to Viseu  | If you’re curious about this region of wine, this tour is a great one to book. It takes you to Viseu as well as to Lamego. But there is an optional wine tour add-on, too, and if you like reds, the Dão is a fairly underrated region. 

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

20. Tomar

Tomar is a town with a rich past, primarily known for its ties to the Knights Templar. The highlight is the Convent of Christ, a UNESCO site, which is a must-visit for its stunning design. Besides its historical spots, Tomar has cozy streets, parks, and the peaceful Nabão River running through it.

Plus, if you visit at the right time, you might catch the colorful Festa dos Tabuleiros, a local yet incredibly stunning festival that takes place every four years.

How to Visit Tomar Independently | It’s easy to get to Tomar from Porto by train, taking about two and a half hours. If you prefer driving, it’s roughly a two-hour trip.

Take a Tour to Tomar | Tomar is technically closer to Lisbon than it is to Porto, so if you plan on visiting Lisbon, then why not make a stop in Tomar along the way? This one-way Porto to Lisbon trip takes you through Coimbra and Knight Templars Town of Tomar.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

Can you do a day trip from Porto to Lisbon?

Yes, a day trip from Porto to Lisbon is possible, especially if you’re short on time. Lisbon to Porto day tours offer a whirlwind experience of Lisbon’s highlights, making it feasible for those on a tight schedule.

That said, while day trips from Lisbon to Porto (or vice versa) are convenient, they might not allow you to fully immerse yourself in all Lisbon has to offer. If your travel plans permit, it’s worth dedicating a few days to explore Lisbon in depth.

If you’re not pressed for time, consider taking a leisurely route between Porto and Lisbon, stopping at various points of interest. This approach enriches your travel experience and breaks up the journey, making it more enjoyable.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

Day Trips from Porto: Frequently Asked Questions

Porto is a great base to start exploring northern Portugal. With so many options, picking the best tours in Porto Portugal can be tricky.

If you’re thinking about day trips from Porto to Douro Valley to see its beautiful landscapes or looking for day trips from Porto by car for more freedom, this FAQ section is here to help answer your questions and get you on your way.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

For history enthusiasts, Guimarães offers well-preserved medieval streets and significant landmarks like the Castle of Guimarães.

If you’re keen on experiencing a mix of nature and tradition, Aveiro, often dubbed the “Venice of Portugal,” is a must-visit with its charming canals and colorful boats. Nearby, Costa Nova is known for its picturesque striped houses and sandy beaches.

And for a touch of academia, Coimbra boasts one of the world’s oldest universities. Each destination presents a unique facet of Portugal’s rich culture and natural beauty.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

For those keen on exploring the region in depth, there are various day trips to Douro Valley from Porto available. Whether you prefer guided tours or solo adventures, the day trips from Porto to Douro Valley offer diverse experiences.

Also, the Douro Valley day trip from Porto by train provides a scenic journey, allowing travelers to witness the valley’s beauty from the track.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

Douro Valley day trips from Porto are popular for those based in Porto, giving visitors a taste of the valley’s renowned wine culture.

Opting for a douro tour from Porto provides insightful guidance on the region’s rich history and wine-making traditions. Additionally, Douro River day trips from Porto allow travelers to experience the serene beauty of the river while exploring the valley’s highlights.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

If you’d prefer a tour, there are a few options which will make a fabulous day of it as you sit back and relax. 

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

For travelers in Porto, Braga is an excellent choice for day trips from Porto without a car, as it’s easily accessible by public transportation.

While a day trip in Porto offers its own unique charm, venturing out to Braga provides a different perspective on Portuguese culture. Even if you’re pressed for time, Braga can be explored as one of the half-day trips from Porto, giving you a taste of its rich heritage in just a few hours.

BEST DAY TRIPS FROM PORTO

Final Thoughts: Best Day Trips from Porto

A world of adventure awaits just outside Porto’s city limits. Whether you’re wondering what to do in Porto over an extended stay or looking for weekend trips from Porto to spice up your itinerary, there are endless options.

From day trips around Porto that plunge you into history to Porto day trips by train that whisk you to scenic landscapes, the choices are as diverse as they are delightful. Consider Porto trips that lead to the lush vineyards of the trips to Douro Valley from Porto or embark on serene boat trips from Porto that allow you to appreciate the region’s natural beauty.

With so many places to visit near Porto, the hardest decision you’ll face is choosing which adventure to embark on next. Your next trip to Portugal promises to be filled with memorable excursions and enchanting discoveries.